Concentration Camp Sourcework Essay Example for Free

Concentration Camp Sourcework EssayIn Source 5 Reitlinger says that more than a hundred thousand people must strike known. If this is correct then why did no-one take the blame for it at the end of the war? Or even do anything to help the Jews? How well supported this title of respect is depends on the other sources. Source two agrees with Reitlingers claim as it says All the same rumours did circulate about dreadful deeds in the East this concurs with had not heard the same story in Reitlingers source. Also in Source 2 it says Because of the Nazis much publicised resettlement plans this again agrees with Jews had disappeared in Reitlingers source.In completion Reitlinger is supported, by Source 2, about rumours world spread and that people had seen Jews disappear. Source three is a very neutral source to the credibility of Reitlingers as it says Workers at an extermination centre in Austria were told Keep quiet about this or face the death penalty this almost contradict s what Reitlinger says about people knowing about the camps. If the workers in the camps were threatened with their lives then would the hardly gossip to neighbours?Also in source three is says that when the crematoria were turned on it caused a power- outage outside Dachau, the people would obviously admit if their power was turned off so this supports Reitlingers claims. Source 6 contains much information and it supports Reitlingers claims as it contains information concerning an SS man declaring on a specify that 2000 Jews were being murdered every week at Auschwitz if this SS man was concerned about secrecy would he get hold of said it on a busy train?Source 6 also goes into some detail about the BBC laughing a broadcast campaign on the extermination of the Jews which provided information for any Germans that held a radio and it also says that The leaflets dropped by Allied planes also relayed information on the annihilation policy I think that the German people would have ha d copious information to confirm the rumours they might have heard. Source 8 contradicts Reitlinger as it says All swore that during the past few years they had no idea what had been going on in the camp outside their town this is important to note as the people themselves are saying they hadnt heart anything.There is a possibility that they could have been lying or faking their knowledge of the situation as evidence shows the general knowledge of people living around the camps. Source 10 supports Reitlinger as the reason says The Jews are disappearing in throngs this matches with Source 5s not know most of the Jews had disappeared I would have to conclude that Reitlinger was probably correct in his estimate of German knowledge of the concentration camps as a good portion of the evidence in the sources tells us that it is plausible to estimate figures as grand as a hundred thousand people.I think many of the Germans did in fact know about the camps either by the rumours or by ra dio or by information pamphlets and therefore it begs the question as to why they didnt do anything to help the suffering Jews. Were they afraid of the strict penalties? Some had put their lives on the string by telling people about the camps why didnt they do anything? The answer to this is that although the people may have known there was nothing that they could have through to stop it completely and therefore could not be really held responsible for not helping.

Catherine Parker Essay Example for Free

Catherine Parker EssayThere are a variety of varied types of annalss used in literary texts and motion-picture shows. In the adaptation process from apologue to film, the visual narrative of the film also needs to be considered, whereas the novel is solely dependant on the pen word and the readers imagination. Harper Lees To Kill a flouter and Lemony Snicketts A Series of Unfortunate Events chiffonier be used to investigate the use of narrative in both text and film and the differences that occur in the adaptation process. When writing the novel, there is a greater opportunity to vary the style of narrative in order to provide the reader with as much information as possible, whereas in the film adaptation the addition of the visual narrative removes the opportunity to vary between various styles and it becomes much more definite. As a result of the visual information, the narrative is further affected by factors such as how something is said and the visual actions that ac company the words.Film complicates literary narration by practicing two parallel and cross forms of narration the verbal narration, whether through voice-over and/or the speech of characters, and the films capacity to show the world and its appearances a partitioning from voice-over and character narration. (Stam, 35) Lees novel employs the use of first person narrative through the female-child voice of Scout.However, in A Series of Unfortunate Events, the third person narrative used in the text has been maintained in the film via the use of voice-over, a technique often avoided by many directors and film producers. When adapting a novel, definite decisions have to be made, such as where and when the events are located and the exact time period in which events take put down, and the narrative becomes a part of this.To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel concerned with time and at certain points in the story, time is presented as moving fairly slowly, even suspended at propagation as t he characters themselves watch the action, the spectators were quiet (Mockingbird, 185). There is also a cyclical notion of time present as the story moves through the seasons and events take place over a number of years, shown through Dills annual summer visits to his Aunt Rachel, and the development of the children, particularly Jem.When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to his accident (Mockingbird, 9). Throughout both the novel and the adaptation, time is used as part of this narrative structure as there is a multi-layer of time as well as a multi-layer of narration. in the motion-picture, a first-person angle of vision functions in the first place to provide transitions and shifts in time and place (Shackelford).The film becomes much more dependant on the narrative in order to portray this time traverse as the visual narrative will not show this development as effectively without using more than once actor to play the different ages of the children. The novel is written from the perspective of Scout, Jean Louise Finch, the youngest member of the Finch family. This use of the female child narrator may suggest that the narrative will be different to traditional, stereotypical novels of the time, due to the female-child narrator describing events involving rape and racial issues.However, what aids the text in being so successful is the fact that Scout doesnt pay back her narrative solely to events she has experienced herself, she also relays stories other people have told her and information she has overheard. hatful said he existed, but Jem and I had never seen him. People said he went out at night (Mockingbird, 15). Although it is through the voice of Scout that the story is being told, she does relay certain events as a watcher, free the feeling of a third person narrative and enabling the audience to gain other peoples opinions and make their own judgements.

Religion The Sacred And Rituals Theology Religion Essay

Religion The Sacred And Rituals Theology Religion EssayThis paper allow for discuss the challenges of both the Moslem and Catholic religion in terms of defining the rituals, how members practice their religion and the overall terms of their fear.Comparing is not an faint task as Islam and Catholicism are complete ends of the spectrum. For both religions claiming to be peace loving people, who share most of the same religious texts, and pull in numerous common beliefs they often cannot get along. Neither religion will tolerate or begin to accept the other religions if strictly and literally practiced by either Islam or Catholicism.Religion is a personal choice and as a good deal as it is a choice, it should be respected by other religions as well. It does not matter what your beliefs are, if you are truly devoted to your faith, you will understand the need for religious tolerance. Religious tolerance is something that is borne out of a complete devotion to your faith. You wi ll honor and accept your religion as something personal however, in the same regard, you will accept the statements, practices and traditions of other religions as wellIn some ways, Islam and Catholicism parallel each other. Although the rituals, requests and history are different, they basically mirror each other in the basic aspects. The word Islam means submission or surrender in Arabic. To be submissive, means to be submissive to the will of Allah. Catholics hold a Trinitarianism belief that God is three persons in one, the Father, the Son and The sacred Spirit. Muslims, or followers of Islam, maintain that Allah is one God and has no equal and no partner. (Dolphin, undated).Islamic doctrine is based on four separate principles or sources the Quran, ijtihad (individual thought), the Sunnah (traditions) and ijma or community consensus. The Quran is to the Muslims, the Word of God, as the Bible is to Catholics. Unlike the Bible, the Quran was believed to be delivered from Allah , to the Angel Gabriel. The Quran is divided in to receipts surahs or chapters. Each of the early readings revealed in Mecca, are ethical and spiritual. The early readings also include the Day of Judgment. The surahs in later chapters, teach social, political and good teaching for the communities. (Dolphin, undated). Muslims are uncertain as to whether they will go to heaven or not. However, like the Catholic religion, there are certain steps that moldiness be taken to ensure eternal life.The 5 Pillars of the Islam faith are Confession of cartel (Shahada), Salat (prayer), Sawm (fasting during the month of Ramadan), Zakat (contributing tithings) and Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims recite the Shahada or, Confession of Faith La ilaha illaLlah wa Muhammadun rasuluLlah. There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is Allahs prophet.The Quran has six main teachings and like the Catholic faith, each must be adhered to in order to receive a lowest reward. The first teaching is that you must believe in Allah. To believe in Allah is to believe in the teachings of the Quran and no other. The word of Allah comes directly from the Quran and there is no room for interpretation by man. Muslims believe the message delivered to the Angel Gabriel is unadulterated and therefore implicit. The second teaching is belief in the Angels who are the messengers of Allah. Although Muslims do not submit to Allah, they submit to the teachings of Allah. Allah is not to be questioned. To question Allah or his humans is to deny the existence of his will. The tercet teaching is belief in the Books, you must believe in the Messengers, you must believe in the Day of Judgment. Although there is judgment at the time of death, the final judgment comes at the end of time. The final belief is that Muslims have to believe implicitly in fate. The Quran teaches that God has determined both good and evil.By acknowledging the teachings of the Quran, one acknowledges there is no other religion. To c onsider worship in another religion is to blaspheme Allah. The Quran does not recognize messiah as the Son of God. Muslims do not acknowledge Jesus death or Resurrection. Fundamental Islam teaches that Jesus was nothing more than a mere prophet and denies the existence of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit as a Trinity. Allah and his will are the final word. In essence, Allah is the Master (abd) and Muslims are his slaves (abd). To submit totally to the Master is to have complete faith in Allah. (Robinson, 2012)The Catholic faith can be just as confusing and just as intricate as the Islamic faith. The Catholic Church is full of rituals and traditions that are questioned by many. The Catholic Church recognizes that Jesus was born of the Virgin bloody shame, suffered and died on the Cross for our sins. To many, the existence of a virgin birth is inconceivable. Catholics recognize God as Our Father. However, that does not mean that God and the Virgin bloody shame conceived Jesus. The Ca tholic religion teaches that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary and became man. The conception of Jesus was Immaculate and therefore, The Virgin Mary is recognized as our puzzle. (The Holy See, 2012).Mary is not worshiped on the same level as Our Father. Mary is revered as the Mother of Jesus and although Catholics do not specifically pray to Mary, they ask for her intercession through Jesus Christ, her Son. The Hail Mary is the prayer most often associated with reverence for the Virgin Mother. The word Hail is used not as a title to acknowledge Mary as organism on the same level with Jesus or the Father. It is merely used as a greeting. The word, Hail was used in biblical times much as we usethe greeting, Hello today.Catholics also recite the Rosary, which is another form of ritualistic prayer. The Rosary is not mentioned in the Bible, it is not a mandatory teaching or tradition. It is a man-made prayer which when said properly, allows Catholics to reflect and meditate on the teach ings and life of Jesus Christ. From the Annunciation by Marys cousin Elizabeth that she was going to be the Mother of the Most Holy One to the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, the Rosary is used as a teaching tool.The Catholic Church was founded over 2000 years agone on the Pentecost. This was the day the Holy Spirit appeared to the Apostles. As Muslims recite the Shahada, Catholics recite the Apostles Creed I believe in God, the Father Almighty, Creator of heaven and populace and in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord Who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified died and was buried. He descended into Hell the third day He arose once more from the dead He ascended into heaven, sitteth at the right hand of God, the Father Almighty from thence he shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting. Amen. The Apostles Creed once again, is a historical account of the life of Jesus. It is the basic belief that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, became man and ultimately died for our sins.One interesting concept that differs between the Catholic, and Islamic faith is tolerance for killing. It specifically states in the Ten Commandments, one thousand shalt not kill. The Ten Commandments were given to Moses on Mount Sinai and are the framework of a Christian life. The Ten Commandments are basic rules for every Christian and/or Catholic to pattern their lives after. There is no room for interpretation of the Ten Commandments. Although the Commandments are depicted in a particular order, there does not look to be a Commandment which, when broken, is more severe than the others.Islam has tolerance for killing non-combatants. The Quran calls for the elimination of all and any non-Muslim invaders. If the result is death of the invader(s), the Quran cons iders it to be collateral damage. In order to keep the Muslim faith pure, it is considered perfectly acceptable to extinguish the lives of any person who does not accept the Quran and the Muslim way of life as their own.The teaching of some radical Imams additionally allows for the killing of Israelis who could as adults join the Israeli army, once again based on the belief that the Quran allows for the elimination of anyone who may interfere with the teachings of Islam. Teachings from the Quran that incite the radical Muslims result in the acceptance of suicide bombings, suicide missions such as the September 11th attacks on the United States and every other form of terrorism that radical Muslims have engaged in over the years.In the Catholic religion, there is zero tolerance for the murder of anyone opposed to the teachings and beliefs of the Church. At this juncture, the Catholic religion deems abortion as murder and will excommunicate any adult female who, for whatever reason, opts to terminate a pregnancy. There is no exception for a pregnancy that is a result of rape, incest or any other act that results in the fertilization of the egg by the sperm. In the Catholic view, human life begins at conception. In this sense, it could be viewed as a radical opposition to the choice of a woman to choose whether or not to carry a fetus to term even in the mother is incapable of performing her duties as a nurturer. One example of this type of pregnancy would be for a severely mentally disabled woman to become impregnated. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, it does not matter that the quality of life for the child may be severely diminished. It is not a concern if the life of the mother is endangered either. equivalent the Ten Commandments, there is no room for interpretation. Human life begins at conception.For Muslims and Catholics to coexist, there has to be some form of religious tolerance. Although the basic teachings are similar, when the beliefs and tradit ions are altered from their original state, that leaves room for views that become tainted by man to conform to his personal, political and self-righteous beliefs.

Decadal Variability of Precipitation in China

Decadal Variability of Precipitation in chinaIntroductionmainland China is located in the due east Asiatic monsoon region, the wobbles of the amount and distribution of fall everywhere China be strongly modu recentd by the East Asian monsoon. As the more or less important features of the East Asian monsoon is a significant multi- subdue form and thus the precipitation in China also doomed great stochastic variables, persistent heavy rainwater everywhere east China often results in hazardous mood events such as floods and drouths. According to statistics, since the 1980s, large-scale droughts and other weather disasters have brought utter(a) damage to our industrial and agricultural production and the economic losses due to droughts and floods reach 200 billion RMB every year, accounting for about 3% to 6% of the national economic output. Thus, it is important to understand the variations of rain over eastern China and their associated physical processes (Zhai et al., 2005).A lot of studies have revealed the climate characteristics, weather and circulation features, as well as the stimulateation mechanisms of precipitation over China on different sentence scales, and carried out monthly, quarterly and annual precipitation forecasts. However, there are still significant inaccuracies on the current forecasts of precipitation. Precipitation is a complex meteorological phenomenon which exhibits oscillations at different time scales, including long-term tr mop ups, decadal oscillation, interannual oscillation, seasonal worker variation and uplifted frequency oscillation. An important reason to these inaccuracies in forecasts is that the abstruseness and completeness of the understand to the changes and mechanisms of precipitation patterns on different time scales is still not enough.Previous studies indicate that the decadal scale is a very important time scale, on one hand, it could be treated as a turbulence superimposed on the long-term trend , for example, the pin in global temperatures during the 1940s to the mid-1970s slowed the global warming since 20 century (Wang, 1999). One the other hand, the decadal variability could be treated as an important primer coat for the interannual variability, which has some influence on the interannual variability. Therefore, understanding the characteristics and possible mechanisms of the decadal-scale climate changes, and determining their degree of predictability have become major(ip) global scientific issues (Jiang, 2000). Improving the understanding and knowledge of the decadal climate variability, and estimating the climate changes in the coming decades scientifically will provide important implications for water resources, agriculture, energy and the reading of national long-term development plan.1. Features of decadal precipitation variation in ChinaSince the beginning of 1980s, many questioners have noticed the decadal variations of precipitation in China (Wu et al., 198 6 Zhang, 1989). Some studies have shown that there is a clear decadal variability of pass rainfall over eastern China during the second half of the 20th century (Zhao, 1999 Wang, 2001). Power spectrum analyses for pass rainfall showed a significant peak at 26.7 years. A drying trend was found in northern China and a wetting trend was found in profound China in the last decades (Hu et al., 2003 Lei et al., 2010).In eastern China, the precipitation showed a wetting trend over the middle-lower Yangtze River valley and a drying trend over the Yellow River valley during the past 40 years, which indicates a southward shift of the rain smash-up over eastern China. Interestingly, the summertime rainfall over eastern China also showed a positive-negative-positive pattern on the decadal time scale, which means that when there is more rainfall over Yangtze River, there would be less rainfall over both northern China and southeastern China, this pattern could be related to the dipole patte rn and the positive-negative-positive pattern of the meridional winds (Ren et al., 2000 Wang and Zhai, 2003 Liu et al., 2005 Zhao and Zhou, 2006 Ding et al., 2007).The studies on summer rainfall over trades union China showed that the decadal variation is also evident (Chen, 1999 Huang et al., 1999 Li et al., 2002). From 1883 to 1898 and from 1949 to 1964 there is relatively abundant precipitation over North China, small-arm from 1899 to 1920 and from 1965 to 1997 there is relatively less precipitation than normal over North China. This decadal variation ca utilise severe climatic disasters, especially there was a persistent drought in northern China, resulting in the area of water resource scarcity (Huang et al., 1999 Zhang et al., 1999).Precipitation variation over western China is quite different form eastern China. In eastern China, There was no linear trend of precipitation was dominant during last decades. On the contrary, the increasing trend of precipitation in west China was very noticeable especially during the last 30 years.1.2 Possible forcing factors for the decadal precipitation variation in ChinaSince the 1980s, the atmospheric circulation, the weather and climate systems and the thermal forcing factor which affect the droughts and floods in China all exhibit an obvious 10-year interannual variation trend (Chen et al. 2002). To the decadal time scale forecast, the coupled air-sea interaction decadal manner is essential for the decadal precipitation forecast in East Asia. In contrast, the response of decadal climate change to human activities is not that important (Hawkins et al., 2009).1.2.1 The decadal variation of East Asian monsoonThe variability of precipitation over eastern China is strongly modulated by the East Asian monsoon (e.g., Zhao and Xu 2002 Hu et al. 2003 Zhang et al. 2004). According to the studies, monsoon has significant variation on decadal time scale (Webster et al., 1998 Huang et al., 2003). The Indian summer monsoon circ ulation underwent two enervating processes in the last 50 years, one in the mid-1960s and the other in the late 1970s, the rain smash shift in East China was in great agreement with the later weakness of the monsoon. When the East Asian summer monsoon became weaker during 1970s, the location of rainy belt in eastern China also moved from North China to the Yellow River and the Huaihe River (Wang, 2001 Zhu et al., 2001 Guo, et al., 2004 Ding et al., 2007 Zeng et al., 2007). In associate with the variation of monsoon, the locations of subtropical High and Intertropical converging Zone (ITCZ) also have related changes, they move to the north if the summer monsoon is strong and active, and displace to the south when the summer monsoon is weaker. In connection with these changes, before 1976, the East Asian summer monsoon was in an active phase, the summer precipitation was stronger in North China, while after 1976, the North China suffered a drier end (Li et al, 2001).1.2.2 The deca dal variation of sea surface temperatureThe decadal variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific and Indian navals play important roles in the variations of rainfall over eastern China (Ju and Slingo, 1995 Hu, 1997 Weng et al., 1999 Chang et al., 2000). Gong and Ho (2002) also proposed that, since 1980, the variations of SST over the tropical eastern Pacific and the tropical Indian Ocean were primarily responsible for the shift in summer rainfall over eastern China through their effects on the subtropical northwestern Pacific utmost. Further more, Yang and Lau (2004) have statistically obtained that a high negative relationship between the tropical central and eastern Pacific SSTs and the northern China precipitation had been confirmed, while over central eastern China, the inter-annual variation of precipitation is positively correlated with a north-south dipole mode of SST anomalies over the western North Pacific, the tropical Indian ocean and warm pool.In the 1990s, the research on decadal variation originally focused on the oceanic state, because the oceanic variability was thought to be a slower process and its decadal features more evident. In the Pacific Ocean, decadal variation of the ENSO has been studied (Wang, 1995 Qian et al., 1998) and the EOF analysis of SST in the North Pacific still shows an decadal variation feature. The remaining part of the main EOF components, which is similar to the ENSO mode, was regarded as the decadal variation and named the ENSO-like mode (Zhang et al., 1997) or the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) (Mantua et al., 1997). PDO is one of the strongest and most important signals of global decadal variability, the relationship between PDO and the decadal climate variation in China is press great interest. Zhu et al. (2003) and Zhang et al. (2007) pointed out that when the PDO is in the positive phase, the East Asian summer monsoon is weaker, and results in the drought in North China and flood in Huai R iver Basin.1.2.3 The decadal variation of snow depthIn contrast to the diminish trend of the Eurasian winter and start snow cover, the winter and springtime snow cover, snow depth and number of snow days over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have had an increasing trend during the last 45 years (19562000) (Li, 2002), with an abrupt add-on occurring in the late 1970s (Liu et al., 2003 Zhang et al., 2004 Peng et al., 2005). Correlative relationship between the TP winter and spring snow and the Asian summer monsoon circulation and rainfall have been studied by a number of investigators with ascertained analyses (NCC, 1998 Qian et al., 2003 Wu and Qian, 2003 Liu et al., 2003 Zhang et al., 2004) and modelling simulations (Zwiers, 1993 Qian et al., 2003 Liu et al., 2004). Modelling results have shown the similar inverse relationship between excessive (deficient) TP winter and spring snow and a decreasing (increasing) intensity of the Asian summer monsoon (the South Asian and East Asian summer monsoon) through the snow monsoon mechanism. At the same time, they have further obtained a positive (negative) correlative relationship between the forward winter and spring snow over TP and summer rainfalls in the Yangtze River basin (North China). This correlative relationship has been used in the seasonal prediction of the National Climate Center of China as a useful climate signal, and considerable success has been achieved, particularly for the seasonal prediction of the prolonged, excessively heavy rainfall and unprecedented flooding event in 1998 over the Yangtze River basin which was preceded by extremely excessive winter and spring snow over the TP.1.2.4 Other forcing factorsBesides SSTs and snow depth, Yu et al. (2004) attributed the pattern of rainfall changes over eastern China to the summer cooling at the upper troposphere over extra-tropical East Asia, which was assumedly associated with stratosphere-troposphere interactions. Changes in both land temperature and SST modify land-ocean temperature gradients. When the temperature gradients became smaller, the southwesterly monsoon flow weakened and the moisture transported to southern China decreased, causing the local drying trend (Cheng et al. 2005). to a greater extent recently, Ding et al. (2007) showed that the significant weakening of the tropical upper-level easterly jet, which could also be a result of the reduced temperature gradients, provided a dominant mechanism for the weakening of the Asian summer monsoon over the past 40 years. In addition, climate consequences of black and sulphate carbon aerosols are used to explain climate change in the Asian monsoon region in recent decades, including the tendency toward increased summer floods in South China and increased drought in North China (Ramanathan et al., 2001 Xu, 2001 Menon et al., 2002 Lau and Kim, 2006).SummaryConclusions as a result, It has been found that the decadal variability of precipitation in China for the past 50 years is v ery significant, with two major characteristic features identified (1) occurrence of prolonged droughts in North China and, at the same time, marked flooding conditions in the Yangtze River basin and South China in the period from the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 21st century, and (2) the rainfall regime has undergone an obvious abrupt shift or jump in the mid- and late 1970s. This precipitation regime shift is in good coincidence with a significant abrupt climate change or jump which has been extensively observed in other regions over the world as well as for other variables.Several studies have indicated that the Asian summer monsoon has become weaker after the end of the 1970s. In connection with this change, the summer rainfall decreased over the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Huaihe River. However, it is not clear yet how the weakening of the Asian (especially the East Asian) summer monsoon affects the significant southward shift of precipitation patterns in East China. Furthermore, the reason why the inter-decadal weakening of the Asian summer monsoon occurred remains an open question.Studies also show that the inter-annual and decadal variations of the sea surface temperature in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have an impact on the variation of precipitation in China. When the SST in the North Pacific Ocean becomes cooler, the East Asian summer monsoon would be weaker, and results in the drought in North China and flood in Huai River Basin.Although the influence of SSTs on the Asian summer monsoon and the precipitation in China has been recognized, not all the variances of precipitation can be explained by SSTs. Some researchers focused on the impact of Eurasian spring snow cover as well as the TP winter and spring snow. They found that the Asian summer monsoon circulation has a negative correlative relationship with the preceding winter and spring snow over TP, which means, when there is an increasing trend of the snow cover over t he Tibetan Plateau, the summer rainfalls in the Yangtze River basin would increase too.Although the features and possible forcing factors of the decadal variation of precipitation in China have been studied, there are still some key issues remained to be solved. For example, is there a rational change in large-scale circulation features in the Asian region to correspond to the above inter-decadal variability of the summer precipitation in East China, especially the weakening of the Asian summer monsoon and its subsequent effect on significant shift of summer precipitation patterns in East Asia? Is the regime shift of summer precipitation in East China mainly a response to weakening in large-scale monsoon circulation systems in the Asian region? Further studies will be needed to solve these issues.

Survey Of Data Mining Techniques On Crime Data Criminology Essay

Survey Of Data Mining Techniques On Crime Data Criminology EssayData mining is a surgical process of extracting intimacy from huge summate of selective information stored in informationbases, entropy w arhouse and info repositories. Crime is an interesting application where data mining plays an important role in terms of aversion prediction and analysis. This paper presents detailed study on ball techniques and its role on horror applications. This also helps the law enforcers in better investigation and law-breaking prediction.Key words Crime data mining, abuse data analysis, clustering.IntroductionIn recent years, volume of crimes lead to serious problems throughout the world. Now-a- days criminals keep up maximum use of modern technologies and hi-tech methods which serve up criminals to commit crimes at an immense measure. The law enforcers have to effectively meet out quarrels of crime control and maintain public law and order. Hence, creation of a data base for cri mes and criminals is required. Data mining techniques have higher influence in the palm such as law-and-enforcement, narcotics, cyber crime, human trafficking and high-tech crimes. Crime data mining has been applied in the law and enforcement to retrieve the criminal details and useful culture automatically, using named entity-extraction method. In this method, each word is comp ard with the noun phrases and the binary evaluate either zero or one allow be generated which indicates the match or match of the name.Intelligence agencies and university of Arizona collaborated COPLINK project and applied crime data mining in two-dimensions as crime types and security concerns to analyses crime and criminals and face challenges of law-enforcement problems of massive data bases from police narrative records 9. Suspects give details to police investigations in order to confuse and spoil the proceedings of the investigation. During the time of investigation, comparison is ask to run a risk the differences betwixt real entities and deceptive entities. One of the outstrip measurement methods is Euclidean distance method which is applied to calculate the distance between pairs of the real and deceptive entity and this distance gives the deceptions rightly at the time of detection 10. Hence, data mining techniques and clustering algorithms have been developed for better crime analysis which leads to the prediction of crimes in future.The constitution of the paper is as follows. Section II discusses some researches and applications on crime data analysis. Section III defines the role of data preprocessing in crime data mining. Section IV presents various clustering methods on crime domain and Section V discusses the conclusion and future fix.II Related worklate(a) developments in crime control applications aim at adopting data mining techniques to aid the process of crime investigation. One of the earlier projects COPLINK, was teamed with Artificial Intelligence research lab of Arizona University, the police departments of Tuscon , Phonix solving crime and criminal network analysis 8. Brown et al. proposed a framework for regional crime analysis (ReCAP), which was built to take into account crime analysis with both data fusion and data mining techniques2. Data mining steps convolute in crime investigations be appeal of crime data from multiple data sources such as police narrative records, criminal background information which consists of previous investigation files and police stimulate records argon used to diagnose whether a suspect was involved in any earlier cases. If it so, verdict clues from past annals featuring the suspect and it avails the investigators to preside in the case.Using crime data mining techniques, most required information has been extracted from the vast crime databases which atomic number 18 maintained by NCRB (National Crime Record Bureau) for placement crime hot-spots. This helps the law enforcers to pre dict the crimes and to prevent in the near-future. Nath et al. has proposed k-means clustering technique with some enhancements to aid the process of identification of crime patterns. Semi-supervised learning technique for knowledge discovery has also been further developed which helps to increase the predictive accuracy 6. J.S. de Bruin, K.Cocx and Kosters et al. have applied clustering techniques for the analysis of crimes and criminal carriers based on quartet salient factors such as crime nature, frequency, duration and severity of crime3. Binary (BCS) and transformed (TCS) savorless methods are semblance based methods used to find the similarity of corresponding associates between real and deceptive entities from the crime records13. Ozgul et al. recently suggested a crime prediction model on crime details like location, conflict of the incident and mode-of-operandi of events against terrorists which have not been solved20. An enhanced Ak-mode algorithm called a weighted c lustering algorithm which consists of two-phases to extract similar case subsets from large number of crime datasets16.III. Role of data preprocessing in crime data miningData preprocessing techniques are mainly used for producing high-quality mining results. Raw data are cosmos preprocessed before mining because data are in opposite format, collected from various sources and stored in the data base and data warehouses. Major steps involved in crime data mining are data cleaning, data integration, data transformation and data reduction.Data CleaningFill in scatty crime data value.Smoothing crime dataRemoving outliers of crime data.Resolve inconsistent crime data.Data integrationMerging of crime data from multiple data storages.Data TransformationCrime data normalization.Attribute constructionData ReductionCrime Attribute subset selection.Dimensionality reduction of crime holdingsData mining processRawdataAnalysisMining resultsFig. Data Preprocessing steps in crime data miningCri me data have been collected from different sources such as police narrative records, criminal profiles, case histories and log files. In the data cleaning step, missing values are filled, noisy data are smoothened ,outliers data are removed and inconsistent data are resolved. Data integration step undergoes merging of crime data. Data normalization and attribution construction are done in the data transformation for standardizing data. When standardization of crime data, the data range falls under 0.0 to 1.0. Attribute subsets are selected from crime dataset and dimensionality has reduced. After preprocessing, finally standard data underwent the process of mining and hence better results are obtained.IV. Application of clustering methods in CrimeThe constellate methods play an important role on crime applications. Some of the clustering techniques highlighted are k-means clustering, Ak-mode algorithm and other similarity methods. After preprocessing, the operational crime data are undergoing the clustering techniques for grouping the nature of crimes as different clusters. In this process, lots of unsolved crimes are also grouped unitedly. The next step of clustering is to identify the significant or determinant attribute. This may from case to case.ie. one of the cases may need the age group of victim as decisive attribute and it is very important in a murder cases.The k-means clustering is one of the basic partition clustering techniques. The objects of similar crime cases are grouped together and are very dissimilar when compare to other groups. This algorithm mainly used to partition the clusters based on their means. Initially number of crime cases are grouped and specified as k clusters. The mean value is calculated as the mean distance between the objects. Then number of iteration are done until the convergence occur. The iterative process of weighing attributes and crime types, future crime patterns can be detected by the detectives or analysts. Uns olved crimes are clustered based on decisive attribute and the results are given to the investigators to proceed the case further. This k-mean is applicable only for numerical attributes and it is not applicable to categorical attributes.Ak- mode clustering technique is used for categorical attributes. In this technique there are two steps such as attribute free weight phase and clustering phase. Weights of the attributes are computed using Information Gain Ratio (IGR) value for each attribute. The greatest value of weight is taken as decisive attribute. The distance between two categorical attributes are computed by finding the differences between two cases give the similarity measures. The analyst has set the threshold value with the help of the computation result of similarity measures.Finally binary and transformed categorical similarity methods are discussed for finding similarity measures. In the data bases, attribute values are either numerical or categorical i.e. either qu antitative or qualitative. In the quantitative (numerical), the difference between two attributes are calculated as the direct difference between those two values of attributes. In the case of qualitative(categorical), the difference between two attributes are calculated as binary values as 0 or 1. If there is a match than attribute value will be 1 or 0 if it is not. This method is named as binary categorical method (BCS). In the transformed categorical similarly (TCS) method, the similarity table has created for all the attributes and the differences between those attributes value will be calculated. This difference gives the similarity measures. Hence various clustering techniques are used to identify the crime patterns which helps the crime analysts to proceed the cases further.V. Conclusion and future workCrime data were under various data preparing steps i.e cleaned the data, resolved inconsistent data and outliers are removed. Grouping crime data objects of clustering was need ed to identify crime patterns which support crime analysts and law-enforcers to proceed the case in the investigation and help solving unsolved crimes faster. Similarity measures is an important factor which helps to find unsolved crimes in crime pattern. K-means, Ak-mode and other similarity methods such as binary categorical and transformed categorical methods were used to find the similarity measures of attributes which are very much needed to the crime analysts and police enforcers to solve unsolved crimes.In future, some of the enhancements should be done in the existing algorithms to get an accurate results. There should be some improvement in finding similar case subsets that will be a good direction for solving crimes easily. Finally, challenge of setting threshold value without crime analyst may be an important task in future.

Using the video case study explain on which extent the organisation :: Business and Management Studies

Using the video case speculate explain on which extent the establishment keeps their side of the em positionment bargain?Coursework Using the video case aim explain on which extent theorganisation keeps their side of the empowerment bargain?Nowadays, a new vexation process emerges, the empowerment. Thecontext is that managers are working in pair with employees. Managersgive opportunity to the supply to give their ideas, and being moreinvolved in the tight as a whole. Its mean more confidence and trust ineach other. Does the empowerment way is a threat against theorganisation?The aim is to prove the extent to which the organisation is able tokeep their side of the empowerment bargain. Therefore, the followingstudy is supported by the Alliance and Leicester Building society.It occurs in the banking sectors and this self-coloured is a call centre onwhich the empowerment is present. The two mains actors are themanagers on the first hand, and the Customers Service Agents (CSA) o nthe other hand. The customer divine service aim is to deliver a rapid answerto the client needs. The CSA are operating straightaway with the clientswhile managers are trying to improve the service efficiency. Byimproving efficiency it means implant and developed the empowerment.Different stages are identified in the firm.Firstly, there is the involvement process characterized byparticipation and managers economic aid to the CSA ideas. It is followedby the professional relation in the firms, between managers and CSA.The customers relation, like the greeting to the clients and how itis managed. There is an grand and crucial step, which is the IT(information technology) point, materialized by the monitoring system.It is named as an empowerment animal. Moreover, there is asurveillance point, with tape record and office structure. Then thework cash machine and CSA job feeling and future career.Beginning with a outline explanation of the empowerment origin, thefollowing study (of t he Alliance and Leiceister empowerment process)aims to focus on the prior empowerment stages to explain if theControl leads the organisation to keep the power of the empowermentBargain.The call centres can be classified as the perfect interpreter of theglobalisation consequence. The globalisation was huge on the past 20years. Companies grow and expand abroad. The market was not localanymore but international. As lots as the firm grow, the competitionincreased in the aforesaid(prenominal) time. The firm were obliged to open theircapital to rich investors and the market is now driven by theproductivity and efficiency. As it was proposed, shareholders are nowdriving the firm goals and controlling the managers (Fama andUsing the video case study explain on which extent the organisation Business and Management StudiesUsing the video case study explain on which extent the organisation keeps their side of the empowerment bargain?Coursework Using the video case study explain on which extent theorganisation keeps their side of the empowerment bargain?Nowadays, a new business process emerges, the empowerment. Thecontext is that managers are working in pair with employees. Managersgive opportunity to the staff to give their ideas, and being moreinvolved in the firm as a whole. Its mean more confidence and trust ineach other. Does the empowerment way is a threat against theorganisation?The aim is to discuss the extent to which the organisation is able tokeep their side of the empowerment bargain. Therefore, the followingstudy is supported by the Alliance and Leicester Building society.It occurs in the banking sectors and this firm is a call centre onwhich the empowerment is present. The two mains actors are themanagers on the first hand, and the Customers Service Agents (CSA) onthe other hand. The customer service aim is to deliver a rapid answerto the client needs. The CSA are operating directly with the clientswhile managers are trying to improve the service effic iency. Byimproving efficiency it means implant and developed the empowerment.Different stages are identified in the firm.Firstly, there is the involvement process characterized byparticipation and managers attention to the CSA ideas. It is followedby the professional relation in the firms, between managers and CSA.The customers relation, like the greeting to the clients and how itis managed. There is an important and crucial step, which is the IT(information technology) point, materialized by the monitoring system.It is named as an empowerment tool. Moreover, there is asurveillance point, with tape record and office structure. Then thework atmosphere and CSA job feeling and future career.Beginning with a brief explanation of the empowerment origin, thefollowing study (of the Alliance and Leiceister empowerment process)aims to focus on the previous empowerment stages to explain if theControl leads the organisation to keep the power of the empowermentBargain.The call centres can be cl assified as the perfect example of theglobalisation consequence. The globalisation was huge on the past 20years. Companies grow and expand abroad. The market was not localanymore but international. As much as the firm grow, the competitionincreased in the same time. The firm were obliged to open theircapital to rich investors and the market is now driven by theproductivity and efficiency. As it was proposed, shareholders are nowdriving the firm goals and controlling the managers (Fama and

The Growth of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

The Growth of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck companyEvery twelve months of every year the normalizes change from spring, summer, fall and then winter. The cycle repeats itself every year having similar weather conditions as the previous season before. Like the four seasons make and young lady are very similar in the path they change and grow throughout time. A mother learns from her mother and then passes on her morals and rituals on to her daughters. As the daughters grow with age they have a tendency to take on many qualities of their mothers such as their cultural ways and some day they will pass these traits onto their children. Through years of experience and hard work, Amy Tan shows the viewers the experiences of the mother and daughters while growing up in Chinese and American lifestyles. Many of the women in the novel had great characteristics, which represented them as strong and faithful women. One example of this is An-Mei and her daughter Rose. When An-Mei was a child her mother was not in her life, she had re-married a man name Wu-Tsing, and she was then known as a concubine. An-Meis mother was the troika wife of three and in a Chinese family, re-marrying after being a widow is a shameful act. An-Mei did eventually meet her mother and she in condition(p) a great deal from her. She was always told to wear her best clothes when she was in the presence of her family and she even taught An-Mei a recipe that was intended to save lives. Popo An-Meis mother was dying and this is what she told her daughter Rose. This is how a daughter honors her mother. It is shou so deep it is in your bones. The pain of flesh is nothing. The pain you must forget. Because sometimes that is the only way to remember what is in your bones. You must peel off your skin, and that of your mothers, and her mother before her. Until there is nothing. No scar, no skin, no flesh. (Tan 41) An-meis mother had removed a chunk of flesh from her arm it had her blood , her mothers blood, and her grandmothers blood in it. In this ritual a life was supposed to be saved, it was considered magic. An-Mei left with her mother to live with her and her new husband after her popo passed away.